Plagiarism Policy

The Journal maintains a strict policy against plagiarism and unethical use of others’ work.

Screening

• All manuscripts undergo plagiarism screening using reliable software (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate).
• A similarity index of <20% (excluding references) is generally acceptable, but editorial judgment prevails.

Unacceptable Practices

• Verbatim copying without attribution.
• Paraphrasing original ideas without citation.
• Self-plagiarism and redundant publications.
• Manipulation of text to evade detection.

Suspected plagiarism is handled in accordance with COPE’s flowcharts.