Policy on Retraction

Articles may be retracted when:

• Findings are unreliable due to misconduct or honest error.
• Plagiarism or redundant publication is discovered.
• Ethical breaches occur.

Retractions follow COPE Retraction Guidelines and will:

• Be clearly labeled “Retraction”.
• Provide reasons for retraction.
• Retain the original article online with a watermark (“Retracted”).